Video post

This is a 4x5 sized camera made out of lego.The only parts that are not lego are the "viewfinder" (which is made of ground glass) and the lens (127mm ƒ4.7)I wonder if it would be possible to make one that was 100% lego? I've got to say, this really makes me want to buy some film and get an old camera to try this out with! To see more images of the camera and other pictures go HERE[via]



This is a 4x5 sized camera made out of lego.The only parts that are not lego are the "viewfinder" (which is made of ground glass) and the lens (127mm ƒ4.7)I wonder if it would be possible to make one that was 100% lego? I've got to say, this really makes me want to buy some film and get an old camera to try this out with! To see more images of the camera and other pictures go HERE[via]

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Nature

Discussion Forum

• Nature Photography Q&A Forum

Guides and Reference Articles

• The Nature Photography Guide
• Composition: Getting beyond the Snapshot
• Composition II: Composition in Nature Photography and the Elements of a Photograph
• Starting out in Nature Photography: Choosing Equipment
• Carry-on Luggage Restrictions
• Telephoto Zooms and Teleconverters
• Photography of the Sun, Moon and Stars
• Hand Picked Links
• Butterfly Photography
• Mirror Lock Up
• Magic Light
• Macro Photography
• Shooting Nature with the Yashica Mat 124G
• General Bird Photography FAQ
• Macro photography with the Canon EOS system
• Reciprocity Correction data

Field Ethics

• Effects of Flash Photography on Nocturnal Birds
• Ethical Nest Photography

Equipment Reviews

• Canon
• Nikon
• Pentax
• Tripods and heads

Nature Reviews

• Kinesis "SafariSack" beanbag
• Canon EF500/4.5L USM
• Canon EF75-300 and EF100-300 lenses
• Gitzo Carbon Fiber Tripods - Models 1227 and 1325
• Bogen Ball Heads - Models 3038, 3055 and 3262
• Bogen Tripods - Models 3021, 3001 and 3051
• Tamron 300/2.8 LD (IF)
• Canon wide angles for nature work; 24/2.8, 28-105/3.5-4.5 and 20-35/3.5-4.5
• Kinesis L525 Long Lens Bag

Travel and Locations

• Tundra Swans in the NJ Pine Barrens
• Viewing and Photographing Mountain Gorillas in Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda
• Churchill: Polar bears and birds in northern Canada
• Galapagos
• Yellowstone National Park
• The Florida Everglades
• Yellowstone Trip Report
• Kenya Photo Safari
• Antarctica and South Georgia Island
• Venice Rookery (Florida)
• Brazos Bend State Park, Tx
• Emperor Penguins (Antarctica)
• Southern Utah National Parks

If you would like to contribute an article to these pages, please take a look the article contribution page.

I would like to thank all those who have sent in contributions to these pages and, of course, Philip Greenspun without whom these pages would not be possible.

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Top Photo: © Copyright Robert M. Atkins, All rights reserved.
Western Coyote, Yosemite NP, Canon EOS system, EF 300/4L lens.

Article created 1998

Characteristics

Pinhole images are softer – less sharp – than pictures made with a lens. The images have nearly infinite depth of field. Wide angle images remain absolutely rectilinear. On the other hand, pinhole images suffer from greater chromatic aberration than pictures made with a simple lens, and they tolerate little enlargement.

Exposures are long, ranging from half a second to several hours. Images are exposed on film or paper – negative or positive; black and white, or color.

Pinhole optics, by the way, are not only used in photography. There is one animal in nature which uses a pinhole for seeing – the mollusk Nautilus. Each eye has an accommodating aperture – the aperture can enlarge or shrink. In this drawing, originally taken from a book published by Arthur Willey in 1900, the eye is the oval opening to the upper right.

History

Early Observations and Experiments

The basic optical principles of the pinhole are commented on in Chinese texts from the fifth century BC. Chinese writers had discovered by experiments that light travels in straight lines. The philosopher Mo Ti (later Mo Tsu) was the first – to our knowledge – to record the formation of an inverted image with a pinhole or screen. Mo Ti was aware that objects reflect light in all directions, and that rays from the top of an object, when passing through a hole, will produce the lower part of an image (Hammond 1981:1). According to Hammond, there is no further reference to the camera obscura in Chinese texts until the ninth century AD, when Tuan Chheng Shih refers to an image in a pagoda. Shen Kua later corrected his explanation of the image. Yu Chao-Lung in the tenth century used model pagodas to make pinhole images on a screen. However, no geometric theory on image formation resulted from these experiments and observations (Hammond 1981:2).

In the western hemisphere Aristotle (fourth century BC) comments on pinhole image formation in his work Problems. In Book XV, 6, he asks: "Why is it that when the sun passes through quadri-laterals, as for instance in wickerwork, it does not produce a figure rectangular in shape but circular? [...]" In Book XV, 11, he asks further: "Why is it that an eclipse of the sun, if one looks at it through a sieve or through leaves, such as a plane-tree or other broadleaved tree, or if one joins the fingers of one hand over the fingers of the other, the rays are crescent-shaped where they reach the earth? Is it for the same reason as that when light shines through a rectangular peep-hole, it appears circular in the form of a cone? [...]" (Aristotle 1936:333,341). Aristotle found no satisfactory explanation to his observation; the problem remained unresolved until the 16th century (Hammond 1981:5).

The Arabian physicist and mathematician Ibn al-Haytham, also known as Alhazen, experimented with image formation in the tenth century AD. He arranged three candles in a row and put a screen with a small hole between the candles and the wall. He noted that images were formed only by means of small holes and that the candle to the right made an image to the left on the wall. From his observations he deduced the linearity of light. (Hammond 1981:5).

In the following centuries the pinhole technique was used by optical scientists in various experiments to study sunlight projected from a small aperture.

Pinhole Photography

History, Images, Cameras, Formulas by Jon Grepstad

Introduction

Pinhole photography is lensless photography. A tiny hole replaces the lens. Light passes through the hole; an image is formed in the camera.

Pinhole cameras are small or large, improvised or designed with great care. Cameras have been made of sea shells, many have been made of oatmeal boxes, coke cans or cookie containers, at least one has been made of a discarded refrigerator. Cameras have been cast in plaster like a face mask, constructed from beautiful hardwoods, built of metal with bellows and a range of multiple pinholes. Station wagons have been used as pinhole cameras – and rooms in large buildings. Basically a pinhole camera is a box, with a tiny hole at one end and film or photographic paper at the other.

Pinhole cameras are used for fun, for art and for science.

Designing and building the cameras are great fun. Making images with cameras you have made yourself is a great pleasure, too. But in serious photography the pinhole camera is just an imaging device with its advantages and limitations, special characteristics and potentials. By making the best of the camera's potential great images can be produced. Some of the images could not have been produced with a lens.

Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX3 – "мыльница" за 69900 р

В августе нынешнего года компания Panasonic представила несколько новых цифровых фотокамер, среди которых особенно выделялась модель Lumix LX3, созданная как компактное дополнение к зеркальной фотокамере. На днях же Panasonic сообщила о поступлении в продажу эксклюзивного «премиум-сета» Lumix DMC-LX3, состоящего из одноименной компактной цифровой камеры и широкого набора аксессуаров.



Напомним основные достоинства камеры Lumix LX3. ПЗС-матрица DMC-LX3 способна воспроизводить изображения, записанные при установке объектива 24-60 мм, в любом из трех форматов – 4:3, 3:2 или 16:9 – для динамичных, выразительных снимков с обширной перспективой. Кроме того, режим макросъемки позволяет делать четкие изображения с расстояния от 1 см. Благодаря новому, 24-мм сверхширокоугольному объективу LEICA DC VARIO-SUMMICRON со светосилой F2.0, фотокамера Lumix LX3 способна снимать неплохие кадры даже при слабом освещении.



В набор входит широкоугольная конверсионная насадка, которая обеспечивает угол съемки 18 мм, а возможности создания изображений также улучшают ND-фильтр и новый PL-фильтр. Внешний алюминиевый оптический видоискатель должен пригодиться при съемке в солнечную погоду. Дополняет набор футляр из натуральной кожи и пригодный для хранения SD-карт чехол.

Спецпредложение ограничено и будет доступно только в России. Стоимость Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX3 составит 69 990 рублей.

Accessories

• Zeiss lens cleaning kit
• SanDisk flash cards: 8 GB; 4 GB

For a camera body and one lens, the average professional photographer would not use a case at all. To hold a camera system, you should probably find a nearby professional camera shop and experiment to see how your gear fits. I usually end up preferring Tamrac and Lowe cases. Here are a few ideas:

• Tamrac Velocity 7, for a D40 or D80 and small prime or small (cheap) zoom lenses
• LowePro Off Trail 1, belt back for smaller bodies and lenses
• Tamrac 5606, one D200 body, two or three professional-sized lenses, one flash

Recommended Starter Nikon SLR Systems

Average family:

• Nikon D40, 18-55mm kit, $423 (review)
• Sigma 30mm f/1.4 EX DC for Nikon, $439 for indoor photos without flash (zoom alternative: Nikon 17-55mm f/2.8G ED-IF AF-S DX, $1230)
• Nikon 12-24mm f/4G ED IF Autofocus DX, $930 (review) for the first family trip
• Nikon 180mm f/2.8D ED-IF AF, $915 for the soccer game
• Lexar 2GB SD card (SanDisk SD cards are supposedly prone to failure)

Serious photographer: